{
  "dataset_name": "Well-Record Provenance by State, 2026 Edition 1",
  "version": "2026.1",
  "publisher": "Lakeland Well Pump Repair Research",
  "date_verified": "2026-07-23",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the original selection and arrangement; underlying sources retain their stated rights.",
  "rows": [
    {
      "state": "California",
      "state_code": "CA",
      "record_holder": "California Department of Water Resources",
      "system_name": "Online System for Well Completion Reports (OSWCR) / WCR Map",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "1,094,995 California records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset; not a current OSWCR inventory total",
      "count_type": "USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "USGWD state data collected between August 2021 and January 2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Filing requirement dates to 1949; current Water Code §13751 requires filing within 60 days",
      "depth_fields": "Total Completed Depth; original report also contains construction details",
      "public_access": "WCR Map and bulk CNRA data products",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified; count labeled to original study",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://water.ca.gov/programs/groundwater-management/wells/well-completion-reports | https://gis.water.ca.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Environment/i07_WellCompletionReports/FeatureServer | https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WAT&sectionNum=13751 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "DWR warns that indexed Total Completed Depth and other fields can contain incorrect values and should be verified against the original report."
    },
    {
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "state_code": "MN",
      "record_holder": "Minnesota Department of Health and Minnesota Geological Survey",
      "system_name": "Minnesota Well Index / County Well Index",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "More than 599,000 wells and borings as of June 2025; more than 418,000 with confirmed locations and interpreted stratigraphy",
      "count_type": "Current agency/university-maintained index count",
      "source_vintage": "June 2025",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Contractor licensing and required record submission began in 1974; most pre-1974 wells are not on file, although historic records may have been collected",
      "depth_fields": "Depth, geology, construction, casing, screen, pump information, and static water level",
      "public_access": "Online index; downloadable non-public-supply extract; public-supply records restricted",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://cse.umn.edu/mgs/cwi | https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/mwi/index.html",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "Open-access downloads exclude public-supply wells."
    },
    {
      "state": "Texas",
      "state_code": "TX",
      "record_holder": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation reports hosted by Texas Water Development Board; older reports at TCEQ",
      "system_name": "Submitted Driller's Reports / TWDB Groundwater Database / TCEQ Water Well Report Viewer",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "TWDB Groundwater Database contains nearly 140,000 water wells, including about 2,000 springs; no combined current count asserted",
      "count_type": "Current curated TWDB database count",
      "source_vintage": "Current page checked 2026-07-23",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "SDR started 2001-02-05 and began collecting all reports in 2003; earlier mailed reports are held separately",
      "depth_fields": "Well depth and construction fields",
      "public_access": "Search tools; full SDR database and well-location shapefile updated nightly; older TCEQ viewer",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/data/ | https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/data/drillersdb.asp",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "TWDB warns that SDR well locations are not verified by state staff and may be inaccurate."
    },
    {
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "state_code": "PA",
      "record_holder": "Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Geological Survey",
      "system_name": "PaGWIS / PaGWISDriller",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "No current statewide headline total asserted; includes driller completion reports and more than 55,000 field-located records from a USGS database",
      "count_type": "Agency-described system scope",
      "source_vintage": "Current page checked 2026-07-23",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Water Well Drillers License Act of 1955 passed 1956-05-29; paper completion reports submitted by mid-1960s",
      "depth_fields": "Location, construction, rock units, yield, water-bearing zones, and water levels",
      "public_access": "Public PaGWIS access and electronic driller reporting",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dcnr/conservation/water/groundwater/pa-groundwater-information-system | https://www.pa.gov/services/dcnr/submit-groundwater-and-water-well-data",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "Record detail and geolocation vary by reporting era."
    },
    {
      "state": "Florida",
      "state_code": "FL",
      "record_holder": "Florida Department of Environmental Protection with five water management districts and delegated permitting authorities",
      "system_name": "District and delegated well-permitting and completion-report systems",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "No single statewide count published in this edition; official program pages reviewed did not provide one",
      "count_type": "Scope statement",
      "source_vintage": "Current pages and form checked 2026-07-23",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Administered by the appropriate water management district or delegated authority; Polk County is split between Southwest Florida and South Florida districts",
      "depth_fields": "Total well depth, cased depth, open hole, screen, static and pumping water levels, pump depth, and intake depth",
      "public_access": "District-specific systems",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency and official form verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://floridadep.gov/water/source-drinking-water/content/water-well-contractor-licensing-and-permitting | https://www.sfwmd.gov/document/form-62-5329002-state-florida-well-completion-report | https://floridadep.gov/owper/water-policy/content/water-management-districts",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "A statewide depth statistic requires district-level assembly and normalization."
    },
    {
      "state": "Michigan",
      "state_code": "MI",
      "record_holder": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
      "system_name": "Wellogic and scanned pre-2000 water-well records",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "More than one million records in Wellogic; 13,464 records submitted in calendar year 2024",
      "count_type": "Current agency system and annual report counts",
      "source_vintage": "Current pages checked 2026-07-23; annual statistic is 2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Electronic Wellogic filing began February 2000; 1999-and-earlier scanned records searched separately",
      "depth_fields": "Depth, construction, pump, plugging, and lithology",
      "public_access": "Public search; weekly bulk downloads; daily map updates",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://www.michigan.gov/egle/maps-data/wellogic | https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/drinking-water-and-environmental-health/water-well-construction/guidance-materials/water-well-construction-statistics-in-michigan",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "Michigan's 117-foot value is an average for 2024 Wellogic construction records, not all existing wells."
    },
    {
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "state_code": "WI",
      "record_holder": "Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources",
      "system_name": "Well Construction Report system",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "838,822 Wisconsin records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset; not a current DNR inventory total",
      "count_type": "USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "USGWD state data collected between August 2021 and January 2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Well Construction Report due within 30 days after construction; some older wells may have no submitted report",
      "depth_fields": "Well depth, water depth, yield, geology, and construction",
      "public_access": "Online report search; pre-1988 records often searched by township, range, and section",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency requirements verified; count labeled to original study",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Groundwater/Data.html | https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Wells/constructionNotification.html | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "Public and high-capacity well locations can be restricted for security."
    },
    {
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "state_code": "LA",
      "record_holder": "Louisiana Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Conservation",
      "system_name": "SONRIS and USGS NWWDB Louisiana release",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "NWWDB release covers state records from 1840 through 2022; no current SONRIS headline total asserted",
      "count_type": "Official USGS release scope",
      "source_vintage": "NWWDB published 2026-05-27",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "New and reworked wells registered within 30 days; unregistered pre-1985-11-01 wells are encouraged to register",
      "depth_fields": "Well construction and depth-related fields",
      "public_access": "SONRIS and USGS NWWDB downloads",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency and USGS release verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://www.dnr.louisiana.gov/wellowners | https://data.usgs.gov/datacatalog/data/USGS%3A64d673e5d34ef477cf3e136b",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "The NWWDB ending year is 2022, not a current administrative inventory date."
    },
    {
      "state": "Ohio",
      "state_code": "OH",
      "record_holder": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources",
      "system_name": "Ohio Water Well Database",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "904,058 water-well records and 127,834 well-sealing reports",
      "count_type": "Current agency database display",
      "source_vintage": "Checked 2026-07-23",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Ohio Revised Code §1521.05 requires filing for covered water wells",
      "depth_fields": "Total depth and construction data",
      "public_access": "Interactive and classic searches",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://waterwells.ohiodnr.gov/",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "Database total and usable coordinate count are different measures."
    },
    {
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "state_code": "NH",
      "record_holder": "New Hampshire Geological Survey",
      "system_name": "Water Well Inventory",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "No current statewide total asserted; 81 records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "count_type": "Agency system scope plus USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "Agency layer current when checked; USGWD state data collected 2021-2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Inventory maintained since 1984, when drillers were required to begin submitting completion reports",
      "depth_fields": "Well-construction details and general geologic information",
      "public_access": "Public georeferenced inventory layer",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency system verified; count labeled to original study",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://gis.des.nh.gov/server/rest/services/Projects_DWGB/WW_ArcGISOnline/MapServer/0 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "The 81-record value is not the size of the New Hampshire inventory; it is the USGWD usable-location subset."
    },
    {
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "state_code": "WV",
      "record_holder": "State-source records supplied to the original USGWD study; current public state system not asserted in this edition",
      "system_name": "USGWD tabular and geospatial files",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "160 records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "count_type": "USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "USGWD state data collected between August 2021 and January 2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Limited to records supplied to and retained by USGWD",
      "depth_fields": "USGWD standardized Well Depth field where source data were supplied",
      "public_access": "USGWD downloads",
      "evidence_tier": "Original-study verified",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3 | https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.8b02895f02c14dd1a749bcc5584a5c55",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "No claim is made about a current statewide inventory total or public agency system."
    },
    {
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "state_code": "CT",
      "record_holder": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection, Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, and local health authorities",
      "system_name": "Well completion-report process",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "No current statewide total asserted; 329 records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "count_type": "USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "Agency requirements current when checked; USGWD state data collected 2021-2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Completion report due within 60 days under R.C.S.A. §25-128-62 and Conn. Gen. Stat. §25-131",
      "depth_fields": "Completed depth, casing, static and pumping water levels, screen details, geology, and yield-test information",
      "public_access": "Online contractor filing; state and local record custody",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency rule verified; count labeled to original study",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://portal.ct.gov/dcp/occupational-and-professional-division/occupational--profess/well-drilling-completion-reporting | https://eregulations.ct.gov/eRegsPortal/Browse/RCSA/Title_25Subtitle_25-128_HTML/ | https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_482.htm | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "USGWD notes that Connecticut source records did not include county names for its county-coordinate check."
    },
    {
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "state_code": "RI",
      "record_holder": "Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality",
      "system_name": "Well Completion Reports",
      "verified_count_or_scope": "RIDOH retains reports from 1972 onward; 1,686 records in the 2024 USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "count_type": "Agency record-span statement plus USGWD geospatial QA subset",
      "source_vintage": "Agency page checked 2026-07-23; USGWD state data collected 2021-2024",
      "reporting_or_coverage_boundary": "Contractor completion report due within 10 days of installation",
      "depth_fields": "Well completion and construction information",
      "public_access": "Records available through RIDOH assistance",
      "evidence_tier": "Agency-verified; count labeled to original study",
      "primary_source_urls": "https://health.ri.gov/private-wells/private-well-care-repairs-and-construction | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03186-3",
      "date_checked": "2026-07-23",
      "coverage_note": "USGWD reports that 91.1 percent of Rhode Island source records lacked coordinates; the 1,686 value is the remaining usable-location subset."
    }
  ]
}